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American = White?

Thierry Devos1, Mahzarin R Banaji

  • 1Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4611, USA. tdevos@sciences.sdsu.edu

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
|March 3, 2005
PubMed
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Implicit associations reveal that being American is often implicitly synonymous with being White. Studies show African and Asian Americans are less associated with the "American" category than White Americans.

Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Cultural Psychology
  • Sociology

Background:

  • The concept of "American" identity is complex and can be influenced by ethnicity.
  • Previous research suggests potential biases in national identity associations.
  • Understanding these associations is crucial for addressing intergroup relations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the implicit and explicit associations between ethnic groups (African, Asian, White) and the category "American."
  • To examine how these associations vary across different studies and participant groups.
  • To determine if there is an implicit "American = White" association.

Main Methods:

  • Six studies were conducted using various methods to assess explicit beliefs and implicit responses.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Participants included individuals from African American, Asian American, and White American ethnic groups.
  • Measures involved assessing associations with the national category "American" and national identity.

    • Main Results:

    • Studies consistently found that White Americans were more associated with the "American" category than African and Asian Americans.
    • A dissociation between explicit and implicit measures was observed, where explicit beliefs sometimes contradicted implicit associations.
    • Asian American participants exhibited the "American = White" effect, while African Americans did not.
    • The "American = White" association correlated positively with national identity strength in White Americans.

    Conclusions:

    • The findings provide evidence that "American" is implicitly synonymous with "White" in the United States.
    • These implicit biases in national identity associations can exist even when explicit egalitarian principles are endorsed.
    • The results highlight the need to address implicit biases in ethnic and national identity perceptions.