Pathogenesis of Raynaud's phenomenon.

Area of Science:

• Rheumatology
• Vascular Biology
• Neuroimmunology

Background:

• Raynaud's phenomenon pathogenesis remains incompletely understood.
• It presents as primary (idiopathic) or secondary to underlying conditions.
• Understanding pathophysiology aids targeted treatment development.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the pathophysiology of Raynaud's phenomenon.
• Focus on subtypes relevant to rheumatologists: systemic sclerosis, primary, and hand-arm vibration syndrome.
• Discuss vascular, neural, and intravascular mechanisms.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of Raynaud's phenomenon pathophysiology.
• Synthesis of current understanding of contributing mechanisms.
• Categorization of mechanisms into vascular, neural, and intravascular aspects.

Main Results:

• Vascular abnormalities involve structural and functional changes in blood vessel walls.
• Neural factors include calcitonin gene-related peptide deficiency and alpha(2)-adrenoreceptor activation.
• Intravascular issues encompass platelet activation, impaired fibrinolysis, increased viscosity, and oxidant stress.

Conclusions:

• Raynaud's phenomenon involves complex interplay of vascular, neural, and intravascular factors.
• Detailed understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for effective treatment strategies.
• Further research into pathophysiology promises improved therapeutic options.