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Updated: Aug 19, 2026

Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model
Published on: May 6, 2020
Etiology and pathophysiology of osteoarthritis
Bert Mandelbaum1, David Waddell
1Pepperdine University, Santa Monica Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Group, Santa Monica, Calif, USA.
Abstract:
Acute or chronic insult, including normal wear and tear, age, obesity, and joint injury, may initiate an imbalance between matrix synthesis and matrix degradation in healthy cartilage that promotes chondral loss and prevents cartilage self-repair. The structure of healthy cartilage and the pathophysiological mechanisms of its degradation are described, followed by descriptions of endogenous and exogenous factors believed to be involved in the progressive course of osteoarthritis. Studies cited include research from the community of sports medicine.
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Bone Disorders
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
