Quantitative analysis of human movement synergies: constructive pattern analysis for gait

To record three-dimensional coordinates of the joints from normal human subjects during locomotion, we used a digital motion analysis system (ELITE). Recordings were obtained under several different conditions, which included normal walking and stepping over obstacles. Principal component analysis was used to analyze coordinate data after conversion of the data to segmental angles. This technique gave a stable summary of the redundancy in gait kinematic data in the form of reduced variables (principal components). By modeling the shapes of the phase plots of reduced variables (distortion analysis) and using a limited number of model parameters, good resolution was obtained between subtly different conditions. Hence, it was possible to accurately resolve small distributed changes in gait patterns within subjects. These methods seem particularly suited to longitudinal studies in which relevant movement features are not known a priori. Assumptions and neurophysiological applications are discussed.