Olive verticillium wilt or dieback of olive in Iran

During 2000--03, different areas in Zanjan, Golestan and Khorasan provinces were surveyed for the presence of olive dieback. Olive branches, leaves and roots showing typical symptoms and soil around the roots were collected for further study. Samples were surface-sterilized with sodium hypochlorite or ethanol and then cultured on PDA and Czapek media. Soil samples were diluted in ethanol-agar for fungal isolation and purification. Morphological characteristics of the fungal mycelium particularly phialide and spores identified the causal agent to be the soil-borne pathogen, Verticillium dahliae. The disease was present in all olive growing regions but it was severe in temperate and relatively humid regions such as Gorgan. Infection index of the disease varied between 5 to 30% with an average of 11.89+/-1.12 among various orchards in this area. The newly established orchards showed more infection than the older ones. A significant difference in disease incidence and severity were observed among olive cultivars of Michen, Roughani, Zard and Koronakei. The latter cultivar had the least amount of infection. Strains of V. dahliae isolated from olive trees had different morphological and pathogenicity characteristics. These strains had different growth rates in response to the optimum temperature of 20 or 25 degrees C. The number of fungal propagules per gram of air-dried soil ranged from 2 to 32 with an average number of 13.42+/-0.50. Regarding the number of propagules of V. dahliae in the soil and susceptibility of cultivars in the newly established orchards, it seems necessary to take serious control measures to prevent disease spread.