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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...

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Using SCOPE to Identify Potential Regulatory Motifs in Coregulated Genes
07:55

Using SCOPE to Identify Potential Regulatory Motifs in Coregulated Genes

Published on: May 31, 2011

Functional evolution of a cis-regulatory module.

Michael Z Ludwig1, Arnar Palsson, Elena Alekseeva

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Illinois, USA. mludwig@midway.uchicago.edu <mludwig@midway.uchicago.edu>

Plos Biology
|March 11, 2005
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regulatory element evolution impacts gene expression. Comparing Drosophila enhancers reveals functional divergence and convergence, driven by activation levels, not timing, impacting speciation and computational analysis.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Using SCOPE to Identify Potential Regulatory Motifs in Coregulated Genes
07:55

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Published on: May 31, 2011

Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element (CRE) Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster
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Published on: December 19, 2011

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09:38

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Developmental genetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Understanding cis-regulatory sequence evolution is crucial for deciphering gene regulation.
  • Comparative sequence analysis is limited by knowledge gaps in regulatory region structure-function evolution.
  • Eukaryotic cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) play vital roles in gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary dynamics of a specific cis-regulatory module, the even-skipped stripe 2 enhancer.
  • To determine how structural and functional changes in this enhancer contribute to species divergence.
  • To explore the relationship between enhancer evolution, gene expression patterns, and speciation.

Main Methods:

  • Applied reverse genetics techniques.
  • Conducted functional genetic complementation analysis.
  • Compared the even-skipped stripe 2 enhancer across four Drosophila species.

Main Results:

  • The evolution of the even-skipped stripe 2 enhancer is non-clock-like.
  • Significant functional differences were observed between closely related species.
  • Functional convergence was identified between distantly related species.
  • Functional divergence primarily resulted from changes in activation levels, not spatiotemporal gene expression control.

Conclusions:

  • Enhancer evolution is complex, exhibiting both divergence and convergence.
  • Activation level changes are key drivers of functional divergence in enhancers.
  • Findings inform our understanding of enhancer structure-function relationships.
  • The study has implications for understanding speciation mechanisms and computational identification of regulatory modules.