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Schemas01:42

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A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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Quinolones in 2005: an update.

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This review examines widely used European quinolones, including ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. Understanding their chemistry, resistance, and pharmacodynamics is crucial for balancing efficacy against resistance and toxicity risks.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Medicinal Chemistry

Background:

  • Quinolones represent a significant class of antimicrobial agents globally.
  • This review focuses on quinolones commonly used in Europe: norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a historical perspective on these quinolones.
  • To analyze their current use in light of chemical structure, activity, toxicity, resistance mechanisms, pharmacodynamics, and epidemiology.
  • To discuss future advancements in quinolone therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review integrating historical data with current scientific understanding.
  • Analysis of chemical structures and their correlation with antimicrobial activity and toxicity.
  • Examination of resistance mechanisms, including target gene mutations and efflux pumps.
  • Evaluation of pharmacodynamic properties such as AUC/MIC and Cmax/MIC ratios.
  • Consideration of epidemiological factors, resistance emergence, and clonal spread.

Main Results:

  • The review details the advantages and drawbacks of each quinolone in relation to their primary indications.
  • It highlights the impact of chemical modifications on quinolone activity and safety profiles.
  • Resistance mechanisms and their influence on treatment efficacy are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Judicious use of quinolones is essential, balancing ease of use and efficacy against the risks of resistance and toxicity.
  • Substantial evidence supports the use of potent quinolones at appropriate doses when clinically indicated.
  • Future research should focus on optimizing quinolone therapy to mitigate resistance and toxicity while maximizing therapeutic benefits.