Novel surface entrapment process for the incorporation of bioactive molecules within preformed alginate fibers

A physical entrapment technique has been developed for the surface engineering of preformed alginate fibers. Surface engineering was carried out at room temperature in aqueous solutions without additional solvent, a catalyst/initiator, a chemical cross-linking agent, or a temperature increase. Entrapment of surface-modifying molecules was achieved by exposing the alginate fibers to a Na(+)-rich NaCl/CaCl2 mixture solution, which caused the formation of a moderate dissociation layer into which the modifier could diffuse within a few seconds. The surface dissociation was then reversed by the addition of a large excess of multivalent cations, which resulted in collapse of the interface and immobilization of the modifying species. Rhodamine-tagged poly(ethylene glycol)s of different molecular weights were used as model molecules to investigate the effect of process parameters on the entrapment efficiency. It was found that the entrapment efficiency as well as the distribution of the modifier within the alginate fibers was determined by several factors, including the NaCl/CaCl2 ratio in the preswelling solution, exposure time, and concentration and molecular weight of the modifiers. The morphology of the fibers was not significantly changed in terms of shape and size after the entrapment process. By this technique, poly(L-lysine) (PLL) coupled with cell adhesion peptide sequence GRGDS (PLL-GRGDS) was entrapped within alginate fibers, and it was demonstrated that the modification promoted the attachment of mouse 3T3 fibroblasts.