Induction of acrosome reaction in human spermatozoa used for subzonal insemination

Human spermatozoa were injected into the perivitelline space of oocytes from 43 couples (44 cycles) in whom fertilization had failed in conventional in-vitro fertilization (IVF). The spermatozoa were treated to enhance the percentage of acrosome-free spermatozoa either by incubation for 24 h in T6 medium with 50% follicular fluid (v/v) or by incubation for 24 h in T6 medium followed by electroporation and incubation for a few hours in T6 medium with 3.5 mM pentoxifylline. After these two procedures, the mean percentage of acrosome-free spermatozoa increased to 35.5 and 53.9% respectively. Up to three spermatozoa were injected into the perivitelline space of metaphase II oocytes; few oocytes were damaged during the injection procedure. The overall fertilization rate was 30.9% of the 433 oocytes that were intact after subzonal insemination. Only 3% of the injected oocytes had more than two pronuclei. The cleavage rate of the fertilized oocytes was 80%. There was no difference in the fertilization and cleavage rates between the two sperm treatment procedures. One, two or three embryos were replaced in 34 cycles and seven patients became pregnant. In three of the four ongoing pregnancies, prenatal diagnosis by amniocentesis indicated a normal karyotype.