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Related Concept Videos

Organic Compounds03:02

Organic Compounds

All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...
Amino acids03:42

Amino acids

Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible for...
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview01:15

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview

Carboxylic acid derivatives are formed by replacing the hydroxyl group of carboxylic acids with a different functional group. The most common carboxylic acid derivatives are:
Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:28

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.
Structures of Aldehydes and Ketones01:04

Structures of Aldehydes and Ketones

Vanillin—a flavoring agent in vanilla, cinnamaldehyde—a molecule responsible for the distinct smell of cinnamon, and acetone—a strong-smelling ingredient in nail polish removers, all belong to a class of carbonyl compounds called aldehydes and ketones (Figure 1). Although both aldehydes and ketones contain the characteristic carbonyl (C=O) bond, their chemical structures vary with respect to the groups directly attached to the carbonyl carbon.
In aldehydes (Figures 1a and 1b), the carbonyl...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics
14:18

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

Published on: May 27, 2014

A simple glycol nucleic acid.

Lilu Zhang1, Adam Peritz, Eric Meggers

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|March 24, 2005
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel glycol nucleic acid (GNA) with a unique backbone structure forms stable double-stranded molecules. These GNA duplexes adhere to established Watson-Crick base pairing rules, suggesting potential in genetic applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Synthetic Chemistry

Background:

  • Nucleic acids are fundamental to life, carrying genetic information.
  • DNA and RNA are the natural polymers, but synthetic analogues offer unique properties.
  • Exploring alternative nucleic acid structures is key to advancing biotechnology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel glycol nucleic acid (GNA).
  • To investigate the structural properties of this GNA, specifically its duplex formation.
  • To determine if the GNA follows established base pairing rules.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical synthesis of a glycol nucleic acid with an acyclic propylene glycol phosphodiester backbone.
  • Structural analysis to assess duplex formation.
  • Validation of base pairing through biophysical or biochemical assays.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized GNA with an acyclic propylene glycol phosphodiester backbone.
  • Demonstrated that the GNA forms stable antiparallel duplexes.
  • Confirmed adherence to Watson-Crick base pairing rules for GNA duplexes.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized GNA is structurally stable and capable of forming duplexes.
  • GNA's ability to follow Watson-Crick rules opens avenues for its use in molecular biology and synthetic genetics.
  • This research expands the toolkit of nucleic acid analogues for potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications.