Expression, purification, and inhibition of human RET tyrosine kinase

Luca Mologni1, Elisa Sala, Barbara Riva

  • 1Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy. luca.mologni@unimib.it

Insights

Researchers developed a method to purify the RET tyrosine kinase domain for drug screening. This led to the identification of novel RET inhibitors for treating RET-driven thyroid cancers.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Tyrosine kinases, including RET, are critical in cancer development.
  • Dysregulated RET kinase activity drives a significant portion of thyroid carcinomas.
  • Targeting RET offers a promising therapeutic strategy for these cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for expressing and purifying the recombinant RET kinase domain.
  • To establish a screening assay for identifying potential RET kinase inhibitors.
  • To facilitate the development of novel therapeutics for RET-driven malignancies.

Main Methods:

  • Purification of His-tagged RET kinase domain from Sf9 insect cells using a two-step chromatographic protocol.
  • Characterization of the purified recombinant RET kinase domain.
  • Development of a rapid ELISA-based kinase assay using a validated RET-specific peptide substrate.

Main Results:

  • Successfully expressed and purified active recombinant RET kinase domain.
  • Identified and validated a specific peptide substrate for RET kinase.
  • Developed and utilized a high-throughput ELISA assay to screen for inhibitors.
  • Discovered novel inhibitors targeting RET kinase activity.

Conclusions:

  • The developed recombinant RET kinase and assay are effective tools for inhibitor screening.
  • This work provides a foundation for developing targeted therapies against RET-driven thyroid cancers.
  • Novel RET inhibitors identified hold potential for future clinical applications.

Related Concept Videos

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases01:26

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

Receptor tyrosine kinases or RTKs are membrane-bound receptors that phosphorylate specific tyrosine on protein substrates. RTKs regulate cellular growth, differentiation, survival, and migration. They contain an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytosolic tail with intrinsic kinase activity. Several extracellular signaling molecules activate RTKs in one or more ways and relay the signal downstream. Ligands such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or...
Enzyme-linked Receptors01:00

Enzyme-linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR activation may...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a rapamycin-insensitive companion...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...