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Related Concept Videos

Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies02:09

Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies

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When we hold a stereotype about a person, we have expectations that he or she will fulfill that stereotype. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true. When we hold stereotypes about a person, we tend to treat the person according to our expectations. This treatment can influence the person to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs. Research by Rosenthal and...
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Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
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Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

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Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
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Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

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This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
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Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions01:38

Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions

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Overview
Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group.  The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2,  depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
Primary alcohols are synthesized from primary alkyl halides, and the...
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Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions01:17

Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions

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Esters are reduced to primary alcohols when treated with a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent and proceeds via an aldehyde intermediate.
Lithium aluminum hydride is a source of hydride ions and functions as a nucleophile. The mechanism proceeds in three steps. Firstly, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the ester to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the carbonyl group re-forms,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Modeling Alcohol Consumption in Rodents Using Two-Bottle Choice Home Cage Drinking and Microstructural Analysis
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Alcoholism in Biblical prophecy.

V M Mathew1

  • 1University Department of Psychiatry, University of Leicester, U.K.

Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire)
|January 1, 1992
PubMed
Summary

Ancient texts recognized alcohol

Area of Science:

  • Historical medical humanities
  • Sociology of substance abuse
  • Public health history

Background:

  • Ancient civilizations, including those referenced in Biblical writings, acknowledged the detrimental effects of excessive alcohol consumption.
  • Historical records indicate a long-standing awareness of alcohol-related harms dating back to prehistoric times.

Observation:

  • Despite early recognition of alcohol's adverse effects, significant societal progress in aiding affected individuals was notably slow.
  • The historical trajectory reveals a considerable gap between understanding alcohol misuse consequences and implementing effective support systems.

Findings:

  • Mankind's response to the challenges posed by alcohol misuse evolved gradually over millennia.
  • Early documentation highlights a prolonged period before substantial advancements were made in therapeutic interventions for alcohol-affected individuals.

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Related Experiment Videos

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The Motivation for Alcohol Reward: Predictors of Progressive-Ratio Intravenous Alcohol Self-Administration in Humans
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The FlyBar: Administering Alcohol to Flies
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Implications:

  • Understanding historical responses to alcohol misuse can inform contemporary public health strategies.
  • The slow development of aid for alcohol-related issues underscores the complex, long-term nature of addressing societal challenges.