Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Mucosal Defense Factors01:24

Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Mucosal Defense Factors

Peptic ulcer disease, commonly called PUD, represents a multifaceted condition characterized by disruptions in the lining of the gastrointestinal (GI)  tract. Central to the protection of the gastrointestinal lining is the mucosal-bicarbonate barrier. This physiological defense mechanism is a formidable shield against the corrosive effects of gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the stomach. Its role is pivotal in maintaining the structural integrity of the stomach's inner lining. Bicarbonate,...
Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach01:25

Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach

The gastric glands contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) for digestion. The cells secrete HCl because it is highly corrosive and essential for breaking down food. To achieve this, they secrete hydrogen and chloride ions into the lumen of the gastric glands, which combine to form HCl.
Within parietal cells, carbonic acid is first formed through the reaction of water and carbon dioxide. The dissociation of carbonic acid releases bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate...
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Improving cholera vaccination impact through advances in gut mucosal immunology: outcomes of a 2025 expert consultation.

Vaccine·2026
Same author

Heterologous prime-boost immunization combining parenteral and mucosal routes with different adjuvants mounts long-lived CD4+ T cell responses in lungs.

Frontiers in immunology·2025
Same author

A double-blind, randomised phase III clinical trial to evaluate safety, immunogenicity, non-inferiority & lot to lot consistency of single component oral cholera vaccine BBV131 (Hillchol®) in comparison to Shanchol™.

Vaccine·2025
Same author

Protection by natural cholera against later episodes of cholera over 10 years of follow-up in Matlab, Bangladesh: a retrospective cohort study.

The Lancet. Microbe·2025
Same author

Safety and immunogenicity of ETVAX®, an oral inactivated vaccine against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhoea: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial amongst Finnish travellers to Benin, West Africa.

Journal of travel medicine·2023
Same author

A thermostable, dry formulation inactivated Hikojima whole cell/cholera toxin B subunit oral cholera vaccine.

Vaccine·2023
Same journal

Generalizable AI predicts immunotherapy outcomes across cancers and treatments.

Nature medicine·2026
Same journal

Immune aging biomarkers for clinical trials.

Nature medicine·2026
Same journal

Lassa fever countermeasures gather pace.

Nature medicine·2026
Same journal

Why high scores do not mean application readiness for health AI.

Nature medicine·2026
Same journal

Polypill for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the POLY-HF randomized trial.

Nature medicine·2026
Same journal

Biological aging might help to explain the rising risk of early-onset cancer.

Nature medicine·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Sublingual Immunotherapy as an Alternative to Induce Protection Against Acute Respiratory Infections
16:56

Sublingual Immunotherapy as an Alternative to Induce Protection Against Acute Respiratory Infections

Published on: August 30, 2014

Mucosal immunity and vaccines.

Jan Holmgren1, Cecil Czerkinsky

  • 1Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology and Göteborg University Vaccine Research Institute, Göteborg University, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. jan.holmgren@microbio.gu.se

Nature Medicine
|April 7, 2005
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developing mucosal vaccines offers a promising strategy for fighting infections and managing autoimmune diseases and allergies. This review explores the mucosal immune system and advancements in vaccine development for diverse therapeutic applications.

More Related Videos

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice
06:32

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice

Published on: September 19, 2016

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
13:00

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Published on: July 31, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Sublingual Immunotherapy as an Alternative to Induce Protection Against Acute Respiratory Infections
16:56

Sublingual Immunotherapy as an Alternative to Induce Protection Against Acute Respiratory Infections

Published on: August 30, 2014

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice
06:32

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice

Published on: September 19, 2016

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
13:00

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Published on: July 31, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Mucosal vaccines are gaining attention for pathogen protection and immunomodulation.
  • Mucosally induced tolerance shows potential for treating autoimmune diseases and allergies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the properties of the mucosal immune system.
  • To discuss advances in mucosal vaccine development for infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of the mucosal immune system.
  • Analysis of recent developments in mucosal vaccine technology.

Main Results:

  • The mucosal immune system possesses unique properties relevant to vaccine design.
  • Significant progress has been made in developing mucosal vaccines for various applications.

Conclusions:

  • Mucosal vaccines are a key area of research for infectious disease prevention.
  • Mucosal immunomodulation holds promise for treating inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.