Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 18, 2026
Clinical Imaging of Microwave Mammography
Published on: November 14, 2025
Comparison of the validity and reliability of two image classification systems for the assessment of mammogram
Conrad Moreira1, Kate Svoboda, Ann Poulos
1NSW Public Health Officer Training Program, NSW Department of Health, Australia.
Objective:
To compare the reliability and validity of two classification systems used to evaluate the quality of mammograms: PGMI ('perfect', 'good', 'moderate' and 'inadequate') and EAR ('excellent', 'acceptable' and 'repeat').
Setting:
New South Wales (Australia) population-based mammography screening programme (BreastScreen NSW).
Methods:
Thirty sets of mammograms were rated by 21 radiographers and an expert panel. PGMI and EAR criteria were used to assign ratings to the medio-lateral oblique (MLO) and cranio-caudal (CC) views for each set of films. Inter-observer reliability and criterion validity (compared with expert panel ratings) were assessed using mean weighted observed agreement and kappa statistics.
Results:
Reliability: Kappa values for both classification systems were low (0.01-0.17). PGMI produced significantly higher values than EAR. Agreement between raters was higher using PGMI than EAR for the MLO view (77% versus 74%, P < 0.05), but was similar for the CC view. Dichotomized ratings ('acceptable' or 'needs repeating') did not improve reliability estimates.
Validity:
Kappa values between raters and the reference standard were low for both classification systems (0.05-0.15). Agreement between raters and the reference standard was higher using PGMI than EAR for the MLO view (74% versus 63%), but was similar for the CC view. Dichotomized ratings of the MLO view showed slightly higher observer agreement.
Conclusions:
Both PGMI and EAR have poor reliability and validity in evaluating mammogram quality. EAR is not a suitable alternative to PGMI, which must be improved if it is to be useful.
