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Updated: Jul 29, 2026

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3
Published on: December 27, 2010
Molecular epidemiology and clinical implications of TT virus (TTV) infection in Indian subjects
Mayura M Desai1, Ramprasad B Pal, Dushyant D Banker
1Department of Microbiology, Sir Hurkisondas Nurrotumdas Medical Research Society, Sir H. N. Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India.
Goals:
This study was aimed at obtaining data on the epidemiology and clinical course of TT virus (TTV) infections among Indian subjects.
Background:
The TTV is a nonenveloped DNA virus, first identified in the peripheral blood of individuals with posttransfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology. There has been much conjecture regarding the disease association of this virus.
Study:
A total of 494 serum specimens from various groups of high-risk and control subjects were screened for TTV DNA by a semi-nested PCR, using the ORF1-derived N22 primers. The sera were also screened for the HBsAg surface antigen by an ELISA, HCV RNA by a 5' NCR-based RT-PCR and GBV-C/HGV RNA by a 5' UTR-based RT-PCR. The clinical and hepatic profiles of the various subjects were also studied. Seventy-one randomly picked TTV isolates were directly sequenced and their phylogeny was studied.
Results:
TTV showed an overall positivity rate of 45.34% with a significant higher prevalence of 52.9% among the high-risk subjects as against a prevalence of 28% among healthy control subjects (P < 0.001). Abnormal liver function profiles were frequent among TTV viremic individuals and among the acute hepatitis cases studied a higher mortality rate correlated with a superimposed TTV infection. The 71 TTV isolates sequenced were found to belong to genotype 1a being closely homologous to TTV prototype TA278.
Conclusion:
The TT virus shows a significant prevalence in the Indian population, particularly among subjects at risk for acquiring parenterally transmitted infections. Our study corroborates a putative role of the virus in the etiology of liver disease, particularly in coinfection with other agents.
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