Early developmental issues reconsidered: commentary on Pine's ideas on symbiosis

The concept of symbiosis is a powerful one expressing a significant emotional experience for many individuals. However, the concept needs to be differentiated from infant-stage symbiosis, Margaret Mahler's second stage of normal development. The latter idea, according to Pine (2004), was of "central" importance to Mahler. Although Pine acknowledges the influence of research findings and some critical challenges to this idea, he maintains nonetheless that it "remains quite valuable" and reports what he suggests are manifestations of symbiotic experiences in the infant-mother relationship. His recognition of infant observational data has led him to feature the idea of "moments" of merger between mother and infant. Empirical data, however, challenge both the idea of a more broadly defined stage of infantile symbiosis and the more narrowly conceived "moments." A different understanding of development in the presence of early-stage symbiosis is provided.