Electrochemical nanofabrication using crystalline protein masks

We have developed a simple and robust method to fabricate nanoarrays of metals and metal oxides over macroscopic substrates using the crystalline surface layer (S-layer) protein of Deinococcus radiodurans as an electrodeposition mask. Substrates are coated by adsorption of the S-layer from a detergent-stabilized aqueous protein extract, producing insulating masks with 2-3 nm diameter solvent-accessible openings to the deposition substrate. The coating process can be controlled to achieve complete or fractional surface coverage. We demonstrate the general applicability of the technique by forming arrays of cuprous oxide (Cu(2)O), Ni, Pt, Pd, and Co exhibiting long-range order with the 18 nm hexagonal periodicity of the protein openings. This protein-based approach to electrochemical nanofabrication should permit the creation of a wide variety of two-dimensional inorganic structures.