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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects01:25

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects

A perfect crystal, in theory, has a uniform structure with the same unit cell and lattice points throughout. However, any deviation from this periodic arrangement is known as an imperfection or defect. These defects can be categorized into three types: point, line, and plane defects.Point defects occur when there is a deviation from the ideal due to missing atoms, displaced atoms, or additional atoms. These imperfections might occur due to imperfect packing during crystallization or because of...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects01:29

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Microcrystallography of Protein Crystals and In Cellulo Diffraction
09:35

Microcrystallography of Protein Crystals and In Cellulo Diffraction

Published on: July 21, 2017

Crystalline polymorph selection and discovery with polymer heteronuclei.

Christopher P Price1, Adam L Grzesiak, Adam J Matzger

  • 1Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|April 14, 2005
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel method using polymer heteronuclei to control crystalline polymorphs, enabling high-throughput discovery and selective production of diverse pharmaceutical forms.

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Optimization of Crystal Growth for Neutron Macromolecular Crystallography
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Optimization of Crystal Growth for Neutron Macromolecular Crystallography

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Microcrystallography of Protein Crystals and In Cellulo Diffraction
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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Optimization of Crystal Growth for Neutron Macromolecular Crystallography
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Optimization of Crystal Growth for Neutron Macromolecular Crystallography

Published on: March 13, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Materials science
  • Crystallization science

Background:

  • Controlling crystalline polymorphs is crucial for industries like pharmaceuticals and pigments.
  • Existing methods lack reliability for producing all stable polymorphs of a compound.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a reliable methodology for controlling crystal polymorphism.
  • To enable high-throughput discovery and selective production of polymorphs using polymer substrates.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized diverse libraries of polymer heteronuclei, including commercial and combinatorial polymers.
  • Employed high-throughput crystallization screening with optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy.
  • Demonstrated selective polymorph production by varying polymer substrate under constant solvent and temperature.

Main Results:

  • Successfully controlled polymorphism for acetaminophen, sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, and ROY.
  • Identified selective production of two acetaminophen polymorphs and all six ROY polymorphs.
  • Discovered new forms of carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole, enabling structural characterization of new tetramorphic systems.

Conclusions:

  • The polymer heteronuclei approach offers a versatile platform for exploring and controlling polymorph space.
  • This method facilitates efficient discovery and selective crystallization of desired solid forms.
  • The findings advance the industrial production of crystalline materials, particularly pharmaceuticals.