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Changes in cerebral functional organization during cognitive development.

B J Casey1, Adriana Galvan, Todd A Hare

  • 1Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, Box 140, New York, NY 10021, USA. bjc2002@med.cornell.edu

Current Opinion in Neurobiology
|April 16, 2005
PubMed
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Neuroimaging reveals distinct developmental timelines in the brain. Motor and sensory areas mature first, followed by higher-order regions like the prefrontal cortex in children and adolescents.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Contemporary neuroimaging tools, like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), have been applied to developmental neuroscience questions for nearly a decade.
  • These advanced techniques offer crucial insights into the evolving brain anatomy, function, and connectivity throughout development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize key findings from neuroimaging studies on brain development in children and adolescents.
  • To highlight the differential maturation rates of various brain regions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing neuroimaging techniques, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
  • Analyzing developmental changes in brain structure, function, and neural connectivity in pediatric and adolescent populations.

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Main Results:

  • Brain regions responsible for fundamental motor and sensory functions exhibit the earliest maturation.
  • Higher-order association areas, notably the prefrontal cortex involved in complex cognitive integration, demonstrate later maturation patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Brain development is characterized by a protracted timeline, with sensory and motor systems developing in advance of complex cognitive control regions.
  • Neuroimaging is a powerful tool for understanding the sequence and timing of brain maturation during childhood and adolescence.