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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
The Colonization of Land02:22

The Colonization of Land

Changes in the environment of the early Earth drove the evolution of organisms. As prokaryotic organisms in the oceans began to photosynthesize, they produced oxygen. Eventually, oxygen saturated the oceans and entered the air, resulting in an increase in atmospheric oxygen concentration, known as the oxygen revolution approximately 2.3 billion years ago. Therefore, organisms that could use oxygen for cellular respiration had an advantage. More than 1.5 years ago, eukaryotic cells and...
Robbers Cave04:49

Robbers Cave

During the 1950s, the landmark Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that when groups must compete with one another, intergroup conflict, hostility, and even violence may result. At the Oklahoman summer camp, two troops of boys—termed the Rattlers and the Eagles—took part in a week-long tournament. During this time, their negativity culminated in derogatory name-calling, fistfights, and even vandalism and destruction of property. However, this work also revealed that such tension could be...
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
Sight Distance in a Vertical Curve01:29

Sight Distance in a Vertical Curve

Sight distance on vertical curves is critical in roadway design. It ensures drivers can see far enough ahead to identify and respond to hazards effectively. This directly impacts safety, driver comfort, and the overall efficiency of the transportation network.Vertical curves are classified into crest and sag curves based on their geometry. For crest curves, sight distance is determined by the line of sight between a driver's eye and a small object on the road's surface. Design parameters for...
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Planes in Space

A plane in three-dimensional space is fundamentally characterized by a point that lies on the plane and a normal vector that is perpendicular to its surface. This normal vector uniquely determines the orientation of the plane, making it an essential geometric descriptor. In architectural applications, such as the installation of a sloped glass panel on a building façade, this mathematical model provides a precise representation of the panel’s position and orientation in space.Let r₀ be the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Ex vivo Live Imaging of Lung Metastasis and Their Microenvironment
11:19

Ex vivo Live Imaging of Lung Metastasis and Their Microenvironment

Published on: February 3, 2016

Views From the Trenches.

Anne Forde, Elisabeth Pain

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |April 16, 2005
    PubMed
    Summary

    Transitioning from a postdoctoral researcher to an independent investigator is challenging. Scientists share their experiences and advice for securing prestigious fellowships and grants.

    Area of Science:

    • Life Sciences
    • Biomedical Research
    • Scientific Career Development

    Background:

    • The transition from postdoctoral training to establishing an independent research career is a critical and often difficult phase in a scientist's journey.
    • Securing competitive funding, such as prestigious fellowships and grants, is paramount for launching and sustaining an independent research program.

    Discussion:

    • This content synthesizes the firsthand experiences of scientists who have successfully navigated the highly competitive landscape of obtaining early-career funding.
    • Key challenges and successful strategies for grant writing, fellowship applications, and establishing a research niche are discussed.

    Key Insights:

    • Early-career scientists face significant hurdles in securing funding and establishing independence.
    • Prestigious fellowships and grants are crucial for career advancement and research independence.

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  • Personal narratives highlight the importance of mentorship, strategic planning, and resilience.

    • Outlook:

    • Understanding the pathways to securing funding can inform institutional support and training programs for aspiring independent investigators.
    • Future research could explore long-term career trajectories of scientists who received early-career funding.
    • Disseminating successful strategies can empower the next generation of scientific leaders.