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Updated: Aug 18, 2026

Murine Model of Epicutaneously-Induced Immunomodulation
Published on: June 24, 2025
The use of systemic immune moderators in dermatology: an update
Dana Kazlow Stern1, Jackie M Tripp, Vincent C Ho
1Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
Abstract:
In addition to corticosteroids, dermatologists have access to an array of immunomodulatory therapies. Azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil are the systemic immunosuppressive agents most commonly used by dermatologists. In addition, new developments in biotechnology have spurred the development of immunobiologic agents that are able to target the immunologic process of many inflammatory disorders at specific points along the inflammatory cascade. Alefacept, efalizumab, etanercept, and infliximab are the immunobiologic agents that are currently the most well known and most commonly used by dermatologists. This article reviews the pharmacology, mechanism of action, side effects, and clinical applications of these therapies.
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