How should trainees be taught to open a clinical interview?

To characterise the opening of secondary care consultations.

We audio-taped 17 first consultations in medical clinics, transcribed them verbatim, and analysed verbal interactions from when the doctor called the patient into the consulting room to when she or he asked clarifying questions.

The interviews did not open with the sequence, reported by previous researchers, of 'doctor's soliciting question, patient's opening statement, interruption by the doctor'. Doctors (1) called the patient to the consultation; (2) greeted them; (3) introduced themselves; (4) made a transition to clinical talk; and (5) framed the consultation. They used a referral letter, the case notes, computer records and their prior knowledge of the patient to help frame the consultation, and did so informally and with humour.

These 5 steps could help trainees create a context for active listening that is less prone to interruption.