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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling
12:29

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Published on: May 30, 2011

Improving the amplitude-modulated control experiment for multislice continuous arterial spin labeling.

Richard Werner1, David G Norris, Karsten Alfke

  • 1Section of Neuroradiology, Christian Albrechts Universität, Kiel, Germany. wernerr@nch.uni-kiel.de

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|April 22, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Amplitude-modulated radiofrequency pulses minimize off-resonance effects in continuous arterial spin labeling (CASL) MRI. Optimized parameters (beta(1/2) and alpha) improve labeling efficiency, as confirmed in volunteer studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Off-resonance effects can compromise quantitative accuracy in multislice continuous arterial spin labeling (CASL) MRI.
  • Amplitude-modulated radiofrequency (RF) pulses are used in control experiments to mitigate these effects.
  • Understanding the behavior of spins under modulated RF pulses is crucial for optimizing CASL.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use of amplitude-modulated RF pulses for controlling off-resonance effects in multislice CASL.
  • To introduce and define parameters (adiabaticity factor beta(1/2) and dimensionless parameter alpha) that characterize the RF pulse behavior.
  • To determine optimal parameter sets for improved labeling efficiency in CASL.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Bloch equation simulations to model spin behavior under modulated RF pulses.
  • Introduced and analyzed the dimensionless parameter alpha, derived from labeling parameters and flow velocity.
  • Identified three distinct regimes based on alpha values, influencing longitudinal magnetization return to the z-axis.

Main Results:

  • Characterized three cases: double inversion (low alpha), phase-dependent efficiency (alpha >= 4), and undesirable fluctuations (intermediate alpha).
  • Determined three optimized parameter sets through simulations.
  • Demonstrated that beta(1/2) >= 2 and alpha ≈ π/beta(1/2) yield near-ideal performance.

Conclusions:

  • Optimized amplitude-modulated RF pulses significantly enhance labeling efficiency in CASL.
  • The study provides a framework for selecting parameters to achieve robust and efficient CASL.
  • Volunteer studies validated the practical applicability and efficiency gains of the proposed optimization method.