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Updated: Aug 18, 2026

Renal Capsule Xenografting and Subcutaneous Pellet Implantation for the Evaluation of Prostate Carcinogenesis and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Published on: August 28, 2013
Secondary hormonal manipulations in prostate cancer
1Urologic Oncology Program, University of California at San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1600 Divisadero Street, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. ryanc@medicine.ucsf.edu
Abstract:
Virtually all patients treated with androgen deprivation eventually develop progressive clinical or biochemical disease despite this therapy. Despite low levels of androgen, the androgen receptor remains active, making secondary hormonal therapies a reasonable clinical approach. Considerations for such patients include antiandrogen withdrawal, sequential use of antiandrogens, adrenal cortex inhibitors, and estrogenic compounds. Collectively, the modest activity of these therapies challenges the notion that advancing prostate cancer will uniformly become "hormone refractory."
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