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Related Concept Videos

Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure01:18

Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure

Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure01:17

Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure

Endocrinal or hormonal intervention in the cardiovascular system is predominantly exerted by the catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine, as well as a slew of hormones that interact with renal function to modulate blood volume.
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, catecholamines that enhance and extend the sympathetic or "fight or flight" physiological response. These hormones escalate heart rate and the force of contraction while...
Hypertension I: Introduction01:28

Hypertension I: Introduction

Hypertension is a widespread, long-term medical condition where blood pressure in the arteries remains elevated. It is characterized by systolic blood pressure readings of 130 mm Hg or above or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) readings of 80 mm Hg or higher. Unmanaged hypertension poses significant health risks, making the distinction between primary (or essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension crucial, as their management and implications vary.Primary HypertensionPrimary hypertension,...
Hypertension II: Pathophysiology01:29

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology

Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:30

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...

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Gynecomastia and hypertension.

L Michael Prisant1, Edward Chin

  • 1Department of Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, Section of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Augusta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. mprisant@mail.mcg.edu

Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.)
|April 30, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Gynecomastia, or male breast enlargement, can indicate secondary hypertension causes or medication side effects. Identifying and treating the underlying cause is key for managing this condition.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cardiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Gynecomastia, characterized by palpable, dense, and mobile subareolar tissue in males, is a clinical sign.
  • In hypertension management, male breast enlargement suggests secondary causes or adverse drug reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the association between gynecomastia and secondary hypertension.
  • To identify antihypertensive medications linked to gynecomastia.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of conditions and drugs associated with gynecomastia.
  • Analysis of the relationship between specific secondary causes of hypertension and gynecomastia.
  • Categorization of antihypertensive drugs implicated in gynecomastia.

Main Results:

  • Secondary causes of hypertension associated with gynecomastia include hyperthyroidism, chronic renal failure, adrenal disorders, amphetamines, cyclosporine, and anabolic steroids.
  • Older antihypertensive drugs like reserpine, methyldopa, and spironolactone are linked to gynecomastia.
  • More recent drug classes, including calcium antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and alpha1 blockers, may also be associated with this condition.

Conclusions:

  • Gynecomastia serves as a crucial diagnostic clue for hypertension specialists.
  • Evaluation for secondary causes of hypertension and review of antihypertensive medications are essential when gynecomastia is present.
  • Treatment focuses on addressing the root cause of gynecomastia.