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[Intrapleural urokinase in the treatment of parapneumonic effusions]
S Mencía Bartolomé1, N Escudero Rodríguez, C Téllez González
1Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, España. santiagomencia@yahoo.es
Insights
Intrapleural urokinase effectively treats infectious pleural effusions in children, reducing the need for surgery. This study found it safe and beneficial, even for empyemas without loculation.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric critical care medicine
- Thoracic surgery
- Infectious diseases
Context:
- Loculated pleural effusions and empyemas often require surgical intervention.
- Urokinase is a common fibrinolytic agent, but optimal pediatric dosing is not established.
- Infectious pleural effusions in children present a significant clinical challenge.
Purpose:
- To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intrapleural urokinase for treating pediatric infectious pleural effusions.
- To assess the impact of urokinase on chest tube drainage and hospital stay.
- To determine if urokinase can obviate the need for surgical intervention in pediatric empyema.
Summary:
- A retrospective study analyzed 31 children with infectious pleural effusions treated with intrapleural urokinase.
- Twenty-three patients received urokinase, showing a significant increase in chest tube drainage post-instillation (p < 0.05).
- Ninety-one percent of patients treated with urokinase responded well, with no reported complications and no requirement for thoracotomy.
Impact:
- Intrapleural urokinase demonstrates effectiveness in treating pediatric infectious pleural effusions, including empyemas.
- The treatment appears safe with minimal adverse effects, reducing the need for invasive surgical procedures.
- Findings support the use of urokinase as a valuable therapeutic option in pediatric empyema management.
Introduction:
Intrapleural fibrinolytic instillation has been used in the treatment of loculated pleural effusions and empyemas and has reduced the need for surgical intervention. Currently, the most commonly used fibrinolytic is urokinase, although the doses have not yet been standardized in children. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the utility of urokinase in the treatment of infectious pleural effusions in children.
Material And Methods:
A retrospective study was performed of children with infectious pleural effusions admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) between January 2000 and December 2003. Age, sex, clinical features, laboratory tests, response to urokinase treatment and clinical course during hospital stay were analyzed.
Results:
Thirty-one children were treated. The mean age was 38.1 months (SD: 22). There were 18 boys and 13 girls. The most frequent month of diagnosis was November and the number of admission significantly increased from 2002 onwards. The most frequent antibiotic therapy used before admission to the PICU was cefotaxime associated with vancomycin (41 %), followed by cefotaxime alone (16 %). Positive cultures for Streptococcus pneumoniae were found in 11 patients (35 %). Pleural loculation was found in 14 patients (45 %). Treatment with intrapleural urokinase was used in 23 patients (74 %). The mean chest tube drainage was 140 ml (SD: 175) in the 24 hours before urokinase instillation and was 406 ml (SD: 289) in the 48 hours after fibrinolytic therapy (p < 0.05). Twenty-one patients (91 %) who received urokinase treatment had a good response. There were no complications during the treatment. The mean length of stay in the PICU was 5.8 days (SD: 2.6).
Conclusions:
The incidence of complicated pleural effusions due to S. pneumoniae has increased in the last few years, despite antibiotic therapy. Intrapleural urokinase is an effective treatment, including in empyemas without loculation. None of our patients required thoracotomy and there were few adverse effects.
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