Decoloration of textile dyes by alginate-immobilized Trametes versicolor

Alginate-immobilized Trametes versicolor decolorized Amaranth at similar rates in repeated batch culture when the dye was present in either (i) modified Kirk's medium containing 0.22 gl(-1) ammonium tartrate, (ii) the same buffer, thiamine, trace elements and glucose concentrations as in the modified Kirk's medium, or (iii) glucose alone at either 1, 5 or 10 gl(-1). With glucose alone (0.5 gl(-1)), Amaranth, Reactive Black 5, Reactive Blue 19 and Direct Black 22 had first-order decoloration rate constants of 0.56, 0.76, 0.52, and 0.15 h(-1), respectively. Mixtures of these dyes were also completely decolorized. After four successive decolorations, beads were kept in storage solutions for 48 d at 6 degrees C. CaCl2 (1g l(-1)) was the best storage solution as the beads were easier to handle and had the fastest decoloration rates after storage. Decoloration rates were faster with lower viscosity (less than 2000 cps) alginates and with softer beads which had a lower resistance to compression. Fungal colonization of the beads resulted in higher biomass concentrations with a corresponding higher decoloration rate but the beads became larger, had a lower resistance to compression and a higher percentage of bead breakage in a stirred tank reactor. Biomass, recovered from beads in which there was no growth, could be dispersed while the biomass from colonized beads formed a hollow, spherical shell due to growth on and near the bead surface and no growth in the bead interior. If alginate-immobilized T. versicolor is to be used in a stirred tank reactor, a high biomass loading during the immobilization phase and no fungal growth in the beads is recommended to have high decoloration rates and low bead breakage.