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Related Concept Videos

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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
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Associated Chromosome Trap for Identifying Long-range DNA Interactions
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Interchromosomal associations between alternatively expressed loci.

Charalampos G Spilianakis1, Maria D Lalioti, Terrence Town

  • 1Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.

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|May 10, 2005
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals that genes for T-helper-cell 1 (T(H)1) and T-helper-cell 2 (T(H)2) pathways physically interact between chromosomes. These interactions, regulated by specific DNA regions, may coordinate immune gene expression.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • T-helper-cell 1 (T(H)1) and T-helper-cell 2 (T(H)2) pathways represent distinct CD4+ T-cell fates, crucial for immune responses.
  • Cytokine genes for these pathways, like interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), are located on different chromosomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate potential physical interactions between cytokine genes on separate chromosomes that regulate T(H)1 and T(H)2 cell differentiation.
  • To elucidate the role of the T(H)2 locus control region (LCR) in mediating these interchromosomal interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized DNase I hypersensitive sites to identify regulatory regions involved in chromatin interactions.
  • Examined interchromosomal interactions between the IFN-gamma gene promoter and T(H)2 cytokine locus regulatory regions.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated physical, interchromosomal interactions between the IFN-gamma gene promoter (chromosome 10) and T(H)2 cytokine locus regulatory regions (chromosome 11).
  • Showed that T(H)2 LCR developmentally regulates these interchromosomal interactions.
  • Observed dynamic, cell-type-specific interactions, with a shift from inter- to intrachromosomal interactions upon gene activation.

Conclusions:

  • Eukaryotic genes on separate chromosomes can physically associate in the nucleus.
  • These physical associations, particularly interchromosomal interactions, may play a functional role in coordinating gene expression for immune pathways.