Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Videos

Controversies about HRT--lessons from monkey models.

Thomas B Clarkson1, Susan E Appt

  • 1Comparative Medicine Clinical Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA. tclarkso@wfubmc.edu

Maturitas
|May 11, 2005
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Related Concept Videos

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Exogenous Growth Hormone Exacerbates Post-Irradiation Atherosclerosis in Susceptible Epicardial Coronary Arteries.

Toxicologic pathology·2024
Same author

Contrast enhanced computed tomography of small ruminants: Caprine and ovine.

PloS one·2023
Same author

Differential effects of western versus mediterranean diets and psychosocial stress on ovarian function in female monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

Psychoneuroendocrinology·2023
Same author

Psychosocial stress increases risk for type 2 diabetes in female cynomolgus macaques consuming a western diet.

Psychoneuroendocrinology·2022
Same author

Contrasting effects of Western vs Mediterranean diets on monocyte inflammatory gene expression and social behavior in a primate model.

eLife·2021
Same author

Diet, obesity, and the gut microbiome as determinants modulating metabolic outcomes in a non-human primate model.

Microbiome·2021
Same journal

Testosterone therapy in women: Keeping pace with the evidence.

Maturitas·2026
Same journal

Diagnosis and management of androgen excess presenting after menopause.

Maturitas·2026
Same journal

Domain-specific severity of menopausal symptoms and emotional eating in midlife women.

Maturitas·2026
Same journal

Energy-based therapies for vulvar lichen sclerosus: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Maturitas·2026
Same journal

Change of sexual activity and its relation to the quality of life in older people: Cognition of Older People, Education, Recreational Activities, NutritIon, Comorbidities, fUnctional Capacity Studies (COPERNICUS).

Maturitas·2026
Same journal

MSH4 and MSH5 variants in premature ovarian insufficiency: A literature review and case study.

Maturitas·2026
See all related articles

Monkey studies reveal timely estrogen therapy prevents coronary artery atherosclerosis. Delayed treatment loses benefits, while estrogen plus progestin increases breast cancer risk.

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive endocrinology
  • Cardiovascular disease research
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Reconciling discrepancies between observational and randomized trial data on postmenopausal hormone treatment outcomes.
  • Highlighting the link between premenopausal estrogen deficiency and premature coronary artery atherosclerosis, as observed in monkey models and confirmed in human studies (e.g., Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation Study).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To understand the role of monkey models in resolving controversies surrounding hormone therapy in postmenopausal women.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of different hormone treatment regimens for preventing coronary artery atherosclerosis.
  • To clarify the breast cancer risks associated with estrogen-only versus estrogen plus progestin therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing monkey models to investigate the effects of estrogen administration timing on coronary artery atherosclerosis.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Comparing the outcomes of early versus delayed estrogen treatment post-estrogen deficiency.
  • Assessing the impact of different hormone replacement therapy regimens, including oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy, on atherosclerosis progression.
  • Examining the influence of estrogen-only and estrogen plus progestin therapies on breast cancer risk in nonhuman primates.

    • Main Results:

    • Estrogen administration soon after estrogen deficiency onset provides primary prevention of coronary artery atherosclerosis.
    • Delayed estrogen treatment (equivalent to six postmenopausal years) negates its beneficial effects on coronary artery atherosclerosis.
    • A combination regimen of oral contraceptives during perimenopause followed by hormone replacement therapy postmenopausally is the most effective approach to prevent coronary artery atherosclerosis.
    • Estrogen-only treatment shows minimal to no effect on breast cancer risk, whereas estrogen plus progestin therapy significantly increases it.

    Conclusions:

    • Monkey models offer crucial insights into hormone therapy's cardiovascular and oncologic effects, aiding in the interpretation of human clinical data.
    • Timely initiation of estrogen therapy is critical for cardiovascular protection, while delayed treatment is ineffective.
    • Specific hormone regimens, particularly estrogen plus progestin, carry an increased breast cancer risk that warrants careful consideration.