Stem cells in craniofacial and dental tissue engineering

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been identified in a variety of adult tissues as a population of pluripotential self-renewing cells. Based on their adherence and colony forming properties, a small number of MSC can be isolated from most mesenchymal tissues as well as bone marrow. In the presence of one or more growth factors, these cells commit to lineages that lead to the formation of bone, cartilage, muscle, tendon and adipose tissue; recent studies indicate that stem cells for cementum, dentine and the periodontal ligament also exist. All of these cells can be expanded in vitro, and, embedded in a scaffold, inserted into defects to promote healing and tissue replacement. Increased understanding of the molecular mechanism directing lineage specification and morphogenesis is providing a rational approach for the regeneration of craniofacial tissues and oral structures.