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Related Concept Videos

Transcription in Prokaryotes01:28

Transcription in Prokaryotes

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Transcription is a highly regulated process that converts genetic information into RNA molecules. The transcription cycle is divided into three key stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each driven by specific molecular mechanisms.Initiation of TranscriptionIn bacteria, transcription begins when the RNA polymerase core enzyme associates with a sigma factor to form a holoenzyme. For example, the E. coli sigma factor called σ70 forms a holoenzyme, which recognizes the -10 (Pribnow...
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Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
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Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
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Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

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The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

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No description available
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events
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Connections between mRNA 3' end processing and transcription termination.

Stephen Buratowski1

  • 1Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. SteveB@hms.harvard.edu

Current Opinion in Cell Biology
|May 20, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Recent discoveries show integrated gene expression steps. New research clarifies links between messenger RNA (mRNA) 3' end processing, transcription elongation, and termination, particularly the connection with polyadenylation.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Gene expression involves multiple coordinated steps.
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) 3' end processing is crucial for gene expression.
  • Transcription termination and polyadenylation are known to be linked but mechanisms remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the intricate connections between transcription elongation, termination, and mRNA 3' end processing.
  • To understand how polyadenylation influences transcription termination.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature and experimental findings.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms governing gene expression.
  • Integration of data from various studies on transcription and RNA processing.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests a strong functional link between transcription elongation/termination and mRNA 3' end processing.
  • Recent studies provide insights into how polyadenylation signals impact transcription termination.
  • The interplay between these processes is more integrated than previously understood.

Conclusions:

  • Transcription termination and mRNA 3' end processing, including polyadenylation, are tightly coupled events in gene expression.
  • Understanding these connections is key to deciphering the regulation of gene expression.
  • Further research is needed to fully map the molecular details of these interactions.