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In Situ Time-dependent Dielectric Breakdown in the Transmission Electron Microscope: A Possibility to Understand the Failure Mechanism in Microelectronic Devices
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Rupture process of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake.

Charles J Ammon1, Chen Ji, Hong-Kie Thio

  • 1Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, 440 Deike Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA. cammon@geosc.psu.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 21, 2005
PubMed
Summary

The 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake began slowly, then ruptured rapidly north-northwest for over 1200 km. This massive undersea earthquake generated significant seafloor displacement, causing widespread devastation.

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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Seismology
  • Tectonics

Background:

  • The 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake was a major seismic event with significant global impact.
  • Understanding the rupture dynamics of such large earthquakes is crucial for hazard assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the initiation and propagation characteristics of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake.
  • To quantify slip distribution and rupture speed along the plate boundary.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of seismic data to determine rupture speed and duration.
  • Modeling of seismic waves to estimate slip distribution and displacement.
  • Examination of aftershock patterns to infer rupture complexity.

Main Results:

  • The earthquake initiated with a slow rupture phase (40-60 seconds) before accelerating to ~2.5 km/s.
  • Rupture extended 1200-1300 km along the Andaman trough.
  • Peak slip reached ~15 meters along a 600 km segment, with reduced slip in northern sections.

Conclusions:

  • The Sumatra-Andaman earthquake exhibited complex rupture behavior, starting slowly and then propagating rapidly.
  • Significant slip variations occurred along the fault, indicating heterogeneous rupture processes.
  • Some slip may have occurred beyond the traditional seismic frequency band, suggesting complex fault mechanics.