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Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
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Newborn screening in Japan
1Kagawa Nutrition University, Saitama, Japan.
Insights
Japan
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Genetics
- Pediatrics
Background:
- Government initiatives in the 1970s aimed to address congenital diseases.
- Mass newborn screening began in Japan in 1977, initially covering five inborn errors of metabolism.
Purpose of the Study:
- To outline the evolution and current scope of Japan's national newborn screening program.
- To detail the expansion of screening to include congenital hypothyroidism, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and Wilson disease.
Main Methods:
- Implementation of a nationwide mass screening program for newborns.
- Periodic updates to the screening panel based on public health needs and policy changes.
- Governmental funding model for screening tests, with parental contribution for sample collection.
Main Results:
- The screening program has expanded from five to six diseases.
- Government funding increased from 50% to 100% of test costs in 2001.
- New screening for Wilson disease requires dried blood specimens from children aged 1-3 years.
Conclusions:
- Japan's newborn screening program has evolved significantly since its inception.
- The program demonstrates a commitment to early detection and management of congenital diseases.
- Ongoing adjustments ensure the program remains comprehensive and responsive to public health challenges.
Abstract:
In the 1970's, the government began to take steps for the treatment of congenital diseases. Mass newborn screening was started in October 1977 throughout Japan in order to detect five inborn errors of metabolism including phenylketonuria, maple syrup urine disease, homocystinuria, histidinemia, and galactosemia. In 1979, mass screening for congenital hypothyroidism was added to the original program. In 1989, screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia was added and in 1992, screening of histidinemia was discontinued. Currently, screening covers six diseases. The government paid half the cost of screening tests initially and in 2001 this was raised to the full cost (approximately 3000 yen). Parents pay for sample collection. The program is carried out according to law. A new activity involving screening for Wilson disease now necessitates taking dried blood specimens from children 1-3 years old.
