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Updated: Aug 17, 2026
A Reproducible Intensive Care Unit-Oriented Endotoxin Model in Rats
Published on: February 20, 2021
Nitric oxide does not cause extravasation in endotoxemic rats
Kerstin Metcalf1, Anna Berg, Ann-Charlott Ericson
1Department of Medicine and Care, Division of Anaesthesiology and Clinical Research Center, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden. kerstin.metxalf@lio.se
Background:
Nitric oxide (NO) formed from inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is assumed to promote vascular permeability in sepsis and endotoxemia.
Methods:
Thirty-seven anesthetized rats were examined for the effects of endotoxin. After randomization, 17 animals had lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administered and 20 rats served as controls and were given the corresponding volume of saline. The observation period was 5 hours after administration of endotoxin. Mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and hematocrit were recorded in all animals, and transcapillary exchange of albumin, tissue water content, immunohistochemistry for nitric oxide synthase, and blood gases were investigated in subsets of animals.
Results:
When anesthetized rats were studied for 5 hours after endotoxin (LPS), the sequestration of albumin decreased in the intestine (double-isotope method) and there was no increased water content (freeze-drying technique) when the elevated tissue plasma volume of the LPS-treated rats was corrected for. Immunohistochemical methods showed a similar distribution and intensity of staining for endothelial NOS and neuronal NOS in LPS and control groups. In the lung of the LPS-treated rats, there was a significantly larger number of infiltrating, inflammatory cells staining for iNOS. There was no iNOS demonstrated in vascular structures or heart.
Conclusion:
At 5 hours after LPS, there was no increased loss of water or albumin from the circulation. This challenges the notion that NO causes vascular damage in endotoxemia and extravasation as an obligatory sequela to endotoxemia.
