Acoustically fabricated random microelectrode assemblies

We report the insonation of bismuth, silver, copper and tungsten metal particles suspended in octane in the vicinity of a glassy carbon electrode. AFM and voltammetry reveal that metal particles are immobilised onto the electrode substrate. In the case of bismuth, silver and copper, the possible melting of the metal particles due to the high sonochemical conditions cannot unambiguously be ruled out. However, it is likely that the immobilisation of the metal particles occurs predominantly through mechanical attachment due to the high rates of mass transport, evidenced from the fact that tungsten can be immobilised at a glassy carbon surface which has a melting point (mp 3410 degrees C) outside the likely sonochemical conditions. The immobilised particles are found to be in electrical contact with the glassy carbon electrodes which can then act as random assemblies of microelectrodes. Proof-of-concept for use in electro-analysis is examined for the possible detection of arsenic and cadmium at a silver and bismuth random microelectrode assemblies, respectively. This approach suggests a simple generic methodology for the construction of microelectrode assemblies via abrasive attachment induced by insonation with power ultrasound.