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Updated: Aug 17, 2026
A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial of Cranial Electrical Stimulation for Fibromyalgia Pain and Physical Function, Using Brain Imaging Biomarkers
Published on: January 5, 2024
Predictors of pain behaviors in fibromyalgia syndrome
Kati Thieme1, Claudia Spies, Pranav Sinha
1Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-6450, USA. thiemek@u.washington.edu
Objective:
To evaluate the contributions of physical, pain-related, cognitive, stress-related, affective, and spouse-related variables to differences in pain behaviors in subgroups of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS).
Methods:
One hundred forty FMS patients underwent medical, physical, and psychological evaluation. Patients and 30 pain-free controls performed a routine physical activity (window-washing task) to elicit pain behaviors with or without the presence of their spouses. The behaviors and spouses' responses during this task were videotaped and subsequently rated. Patients were classified as dysfunctional (DYS), interpersonally distressed (ID), or adaptive copers (AC) based on responses to the Multidimensional Pain Inventory. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to identify predictors of pain behaviors for the total group and subgroups of patients.
Results:
Patients classified as DYS demonstrated the highest number of pain behaviors compared with those classified as ID or AC. This difference was observable when the spouse was present. Spouse responses and physical variables were significantly related to pain behaviors in the DYS and ID groups with the model accounting for 77.1% and 41.9% of the variance, respectively. In contrast, for the AC group, stress factors were the most significant predictor of pain behaviors, accounting for 22.8% of the variance.
Conclusion:
The results indicate that different variables account for the presence of pain behaviors in different subgroups of patients. The data provide support for the heterogeneity of the diagnosis of FMS and have implications for treatment of subgroups of patients.
