Molecular staging of bladder cancer

Attempts are being made in many laboratories to find new biomarkers for and new methods of molecular staging of bladder cancer. At the forefront of this are the authors from Los Angeles who have contributed the first of four mini-reviews in this section. Other mini-reviews examine the role of hand-assisted laparoscopy in urology, a contribution to the sometimes heated argument about whether laparoscopy should be 'pure' or hand-assisted: in addition, two mini-reviews describe the role of photodynamic diagnosis in managing superficial bladder cancer, and the contribution of non-surgical factors to the success of hypospadias repair.