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Fetal Circulation

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...

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Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Published on: June 29, 2013

Fetal gallstones.

Nalini Munjuluri¹, Nader Elgharaby, Dominique Acolet

¹Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK. naras@murty.demon.co.uk

Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy

|June 28, 2005

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Fetal cholelithiasis, or prenatal gallstones, is uncommon. In two cases, these echogenic foci resolved spontaneously within 16 weeks after birth, with infants treated using ursodeoxycholic acid.

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Area of Science:

Perinatal Medicine
Pediatric Gastroenterology
Diagnostic Ultrasound

Background:

The clinical significance and natural progression of fetal cholelithiasis remain incompletely understood.
Prenatal diagnosis of gallstones is rare, necessitating further investigation into its implications.

Observation:

Two cases of fetal echogenic foci, indicative of gallstones, were identified during prenatal ultrasound examinations.
These echogenic foci, detected in utero, were monitored postnatally.

Findings:

The fetal gallstones observed in both cases demonstrated spontaneous resolution.
Resolution occurred within 16 weeks following birth in both infants.
Both infants received ursodeoxycholic acid treatment for their condition.

Implications:

This case series suggests that fetal cholelithiasis may have a benign natural history with a high rate of spontaneous resolution.
Ursodeoxycholic acid may be a therapeutic option for persistent fetal gallstones.
Further research is warranted to establish definitive guidelines for managing fetal cholelithiasis.