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Related Concept Videos

What is Climate?01:16

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Hot Weather Concreting01:20

Hot Weather Concreting

Concreting at elevated temperatures accelerates the hydration process, leading to quicker setting but potentially reducing the long-term strength of the concrete structure. Additionally, low air humidity fosters rapid moisture loss from the concrete, resulting in reduced workability, pronounced plastic shrinkage, and a higher likelihood of crazing.
Mitigating the heat increase in concrete can be economically achieved by shading aggregate stockpiles to prevent heating from solar radiation,...
Microbes and Climate Change01:27

Microbes and Climate Change

Microorganisms are pivotal agents in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, significantly influencing climate dynamics through their metabolic activities. These microbes modulate the levels of key greenhouse gases by both contributing to and helping mitigate climate change.Microbial Contributions to Greenhouse Gas EmissionsRising global temperatures accelerate microbial metabolism, which, in turn, speeds up the decomposition of organic matter. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) through...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
12:11

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

Published on: April 8, 2020

Strong present-day aerosol cooling implies a hot future.

Meinrat O Andreae1, Chris D Jones, Peter M Cox

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, PO Box 3060, Mainz 55131, Germany. andreae@mpch-mainz.mpg.de

Nature
|July 1, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Atmospheric aerosols cool the planet, but their impact on future global warming is uncertain. Declining aerosol cooling suggests warming may accelerate beyond current projections.

Area of Science:

  • Climate science
  • Atmospheric chemistry
  • Earth system science

Background:

  • Anthropogenic greenhouse gases drive global warming.
  • Atmospheric aerosols exert a cooling effect, counteracting some warming.
  • Uncertainty in aerosol effects creates significant climate projection challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of atmospheric aerosols in climate change.
  • To assess the impact of declining aerosol cooling on future warming.
  • To refine climate sensitivity estimates and carbon cycle feedback projections.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of climate model outputs.
  • Review of observational data on aerosols and greenhouse gases.
  • Evaluation of aerosol-greenhouse gas interactions.

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Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
06:10

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

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Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
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Use of Capillary Aerosol Generator in Continuous Production of Controlled Aerosol for Non-Clinical Studies

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Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
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Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

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Main Results:

  • Aerosol cooling is substantial but highly uncertain.
  • Future aerosol cooling is projected to decrease due to cleaner atmosphere policies.
  • This decline implies future warming could be at the higher end of IPCC projections.

Conclusions:

  • The net effect of aerosols on climate sensitivity remains a key uncertainty.
  • Reduced aerosol forcing will amplify greenhouse gas warming.
  • Future global warming may exceed current upper-bound projections without mitigation.