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Updated: Aug 17, 2026
International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure
Published on: March 12, 2020
The ex utero intrapartum therapy procedure for high-risk fetal lung lesions
Holly L Hedrick1, Alan W Flake, Timothy M Crombleholme
1The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4399, USA. hedrick@email.chop.edu
Background:
Indications for the ex utero intrapartum therapy (EXIT) procedure have expanded to include any fetal anomaly in which resuscitation of the neonate may be compromised.
Methods:
We reviewed the medical records of 9 patients after resection of lung lesions during the EXIT procedure.
Results:
The mean gestational age at EXIT procedure was 35.4 weeks. All lung masses maintained large sizes late into gestation with mean mass volume/head circumference ratio of 2.5 at presentation and 2.2 at EXIT. Seven of 9 fetuses demonstrated hydropic changes (n = 6) and/or polyhydramnios (n = 5), and underwent prenatal intervention including thoracentesis, thoracoamniotic shunt placement, amnioreduction, and/or betamethasone administration. Overall survival after EXIT for lung mass resection was 89%. The average time on placental bypass was 65 minutes. Postnatal complications included reoperation for air leak (n = 1), reoperation for bleeding (n = 1), and death from sepsis and prematurity (n = 1). Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was used in 4 neonates for persistent pulmonary hypertension. Maternal prenatal complications included polyhydramnios (n = 5), preterm labor (n = 4), and chorioamnionitis (n = 1). One mother required perioperative blood transfusion.
Conclusion:
The EXIT procedure allows for controlled resection of large fetal lung lesions at delivery, avoiding acute respiratory decompensation related to mediastinal shift, air trapping, and compression of normal lung.
