Apoptosis in the mammalian CNS: Lessons from animal models

It is generally assumed that about half of the neurons produced during neurogenesis die before completion of maturation of the central nervous system (CNS). Neural cell death is also relevant in aging and several neurodegenerative diseases. Among the modalities by which neurons die, apoptosis has very much attracted the interest of investigators because in this type of cell death neurons are actively responsible for their own demise by switching on a number of genes and activating a series of specific intracellular pathways. This review focuses on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of apoptosis in normal and transgenic animal models related to naturally occurring neuronal death within the CNS. We will also consider some examples of apoptotic cell death in canine neuropathologies. A thorough analysis of naturally occurring neuronal death in vivo will offer a basis for parallel and future studies involving secondary neuronal loss such as those in neurodegenerative disorders, trauma or ischaemia.