Extraesophageal reflux and upper aerodigestive tract diseases

Reflux disease can cause multiple disorders not only of the esophagus but also of the upper aerodigestive tract. In the last decade, an association between reflux disease and multiple head and neck diseases was described, including those of the larynx and pharynx as well as those of the nose, the sinuses and the middle ear. The present article summarizes these different diseases and possible pathomechanisms are explained. In particular, there is a need to differentiate between the classical gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and the extraesophageal manifestation of the reflux disease, called extraesophageal reflux (EER). Both diseases are characterized by different symptoms and can cause different disorders. To differentiate between GERD and EER, double-probe pH monitoring is mandatory. At last, some aspects of reflux therapy are explained.