Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities (LD): adolescents perspective

Area of Science:

• Neurobehavioral science
• Developmental psychology
• Special education

Background:

• Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities (LD) are common neurodevelopmental conditions.
• Adolescents with ADHD and LD often face academic and social challenges.
• Special education settings cater to students with diverse learning needs.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the characteristics and challenges of adolescents diagnosed with ADHD and LD in a special education high school.
• To identify the prevalence of ADHD subtypes and comorbidities.
• To understand the psychological and social impact of these conditions on students' well-being.

Main Methods:

• A study involving 308 pupils aged 12-18 diagnosed with ADHD and/or LD.
• Interviews and examinations were conducted.
• Data collected on ADHD subtypes, comorbidities, treatment, and self-reported stress levels and complaints.

Main Results:

• Combined ADHD subtype was most prevalent (42.2%), followed by inattentive (22.1%) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (12.3%).
• Ninety-four percent had learning disabilities comorbidity; only 25% received methylphenidate treatment.
• Significant stress, tiredness, low self-esteem, and interpersonal difficulties were reported.

Conclusions:

• ADHD/LD should be viewed as a neurobehavioral disability requiring tailored support.
• Students experience significant emotional distress and social challenges.
• Preparation for adult life through social skills and vocational training is essential.