Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene01:24

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

Conjugated dienes have lower heats of hydrogenation than cumulated and isolated dienes, making them more stable. The enhanced stabilization of conjugated systems can be understood from their π molecular orbitals.
The simplest conjugated diene is 1,3-butadiene: a four-carbon system where each carbon is sp2-hybridized and has an unhybridized p orbital that contains an unpaired electron. According to molecular orbital theory, atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals such that the number...
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model01:18

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds01:14

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds

In aromatic compounds, such as benzene, the circulation of (4n + 2) π-electrons sets up a diamagnetic or diatropic ring current around the perimeter of the molecule. This current induces a magnetic field that opposes the external field inside the ring and reinforces it on the outside. The protons in benzene are deshielded and exhibit high chemical shifts in the range 6.5–8.5 ppm. The shielding effect at the center of the ring is evident in complex aromatic molecules, such as annulenes. In...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this process,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Electrochemical Detection of Organophosphates Using Dual-Modal Enzyme-Based Biosensors.

Analytical chemistry·2026
Same author

Optical Analysis of Cyclic Voltammetry of Ferrocenemethanol: A Comparative Study of SPR and LSPR.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2026
Same author

Extended Plasmonic Nanostructures Templated by Tobacco Mosaic Virus Coat Protein.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2025
Same author

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles.

Beilstein journal of nanotechnology·2025
Same author

Interactions of Common Biological Buffers with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2023
Same author

Correlation between PRDX2 and spermatogenesis under oxidative stress.

Biochemical and biophysical research communications·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Synthesis of Wavelength-shifting DNA Hybridization Probes by Using Photostable Cyanine Dyes
07:44

Synthesis of Wavelength-shifting DNA Hybridization Probes by Using Photostable Cyanine Dyes

Published on: July 6, 2016

Ru2(ap)4(sigma-oligo(phenyleneethynyl)) molecular wires: synthesis and electronic characterization.

Amy Szuchmacher Blum1, Tong Ren, Damon A Parish

  • 1Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA. amyblum@cbmse.nrl.navy.mil

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|July 14, 2005
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces wire-like ruthenium complexes (Ru2) that show enhanced conductivity and stability. Incorporating Ru2 into molecular backbones improves charge transport for nanoscale electronics.

More Related Videos

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism
11:37

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

Published on: July 28, 2017

Using Cyclic Voltammetry, UV-Vis-NIR, and EPR Spectroelectrochemistry to Analyze Organic Compounds
11:44

Using Cyclic Voltammetry, UV-Vis-NIR, and EPR Spectroelectrochemistry to Analyze Organic Compounds

Published on: October 18, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Synthesis of Wavelength-shifting DNA Hybridization Probes by Using Photostable Cyanine Dyes
07:44

Synthesis of Wavelength-shifting DNA Hybridization Probes by Using Photostable Cyanine Dyes

Published on: July 6, 2016

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism
11:37

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

Published on: July 28, 2017

Using Cyclic Voltammetry, UV-Vis-NIR, and EPR Spectroelectrochemistry to Analyze Organic Compounds
11:44

Using Cyclic Voltammetry, UV-Vis-NIR, and EPR Spectroelectrochemistry to Analyze Organic Compounds

Published on: October 18, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • Molecular electronics require efficient charge transport materials.
  • Organic molecules often face limitations in conductivity and stability.
  • Ruthenium-based complexes offer potential for improved electronic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize wire-like ruthenium complexes, specifically Ru2(ap)4(OPE)n.
  • To investigate the charge transport properties of these novel molecules.
  • To assess the impact of incorporating a Ru2 core on molecular conductivity.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of Ru2(ap)4(OPE)n compounds (n=1, 2).
  • Characterization using spectroscopic and analytical techniques.
  • Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs).

Main Results:

  • Compound 2, a Ru2-containing molecule, demonstrated stochastic switching behavior in a C11 thiol SAM.
  • Molecule 2 exhibited higher conductivity compared to the C11 thiol SAM.
  • A significant decrease (at least 15%) in the molecular electronic decay constant (beta) was observed.

Conclusions:

  • Incorporating a Ru2 fragment into conjugated backbones enhances molecular charge transport.
  • These Ru2-based molecules show promise for improving nanoscale electronic devices.
  • Ruthenium complexes offer a pathway to overcome limitations of purely organic molecular conductors.