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Related Concept Videos

Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...
CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria01:10

Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria

Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a virus that...
Introduction to Virus01:28

Introduction to Virus

Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
Microbial Interactions: Parasitism01:22

Microbial Interactions: Parasitism

Parasitism is a form of microbial interaction in which parasitic microbes exploit a host organism for nutrients and shelter, often at the host's expense. Unlike mutualistic relationships, where both organisms benefit, parasitism benefits only the parasite and harms the host.Classification of ParasitesMicrobial parasites are broadly classified based on their location relative to the host.Ectoparasites remain on the host’s surface, such as the skin or outer tissues, drawing nutrients...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2026

Protocols for Investigating the Host-tissue Distribution, Transmission-mode, and Effect on the Host Fitness of a Densovirus in the Cotton Bollworm
11:12

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A virus essential for insect host-parasite interactions encodes cystatins.

E Espagne1, V Douris, G Lalmanach

  • 1Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 6035, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, Tours.

Journal of Virology
|July 15, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Parasitic wasps use bracoviruses to control host caterpillars. This study identifies viral cystatins from Cotesia congregata bracovirus (CcBV) that inhibit caterpillar proteases, aiding parasitism.

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Area of Science:

  • Insect-virus interactions
  • Molecular biology
  • Protease inhibition

Background:

  • Cotesia congregata parasitoid wasps utilize bracoviruses to manipulate host caterpillars (Manduca sexta).
  • Bracoviruses are essential for successful parasitism, creating a favorable environment for wasp development.
  • This host-parasite-virus system represents a rare known mutualism between viruses and eukaryotes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize a multigene family in Cotesia congregata bracovirus (CcBV) encoding cystatin-like proteins.
  • To investigate the function and inhibitory activity of viral cystatins against host proteases.

Main Methods:

  • Identification and characterization of a CcBV multigene family.
  • Expression and purification of recombinant CcBV cystatin 1.
  • In vitro assays to assess inhibitory activity against various cysteine proteases.

Main Results:

  • A CcBV multigene family encoding three cystatin superfamily proteins was identified.
  • Recombinant CcBV cystatin 1 demonstrated potent inhibitory activity against papain, human cathepsins L and B, and Sarcophaga cathepsin B.
  • This is the first report of cystatins encoded within a viral genome.

Conclusions:

  • CcBV cystatins are functional viral proteins with potent protease inhibitory activity.
  • These viral cystatins likely contribute to host caterpillar physiological deregulation by inhibiting host proteases.
  • The findings highlight a novel mechanism of viral manipulation in a complex host-parasite-virus interaction.