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The Electromagnetic Spectrum02:37

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The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the various colors of visible light has specific frequencies and wavelengths associated with them, and you can see that visible light makes up only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Because the technologies developed to work in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are different, for reasons of convenience and historical...
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Ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible or UV–Vis) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the interaction between matter and UV–Vis light within the electromagnetic spectrum. This method is widely used for its versatility, simplicity, and relatively quick data acquisition, making it valuable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. When UV–Vis radiation passes through a material,  molecules absorb light depending on the energy required for...
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When light passes through a substance, a portion of the light is absorbed while the remaining light is reflected or transmitted. If the molecule absorbs light between the wavelengths of 180–400 nm range, the UV spectrum is obtained, and if it absorbs light in the 400–780 nm wavelength range, the visible spectrum is obtained.     
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In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this...
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The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell.
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Electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their wavelengths and frequencies, giving the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are classified as radio, infrared, ultraviolet, etc. Radio waves refer to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from millimeters to kilometers. Radio waves are commonly used for audio communications (i.e., radios) and typically result from an alternating current in the wires of a broadcast antenna. They cover a broad wavelength range and are used...
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Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators
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A frequency comb in the extreme ultraviolet.

Christoph Gohle1, Thomas Udem, Maximilian Herrmann

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Researchers developed a new method for generating extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation using intra-cavity high harmonic generation. This breakthrough enables high-resolution spectroscopy and opens doors for advanced applications in microscopy and atomic clocks.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Laser Science
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • The synergy between precision spectroscopy and ultrafast laser science has yielded significant advancements since 1998.
  • Femtosecond laser optical frequency combs have transformed optical frequency measurements and optical atomic clocks.
  • Comb techniques have also enabled attosecond pulse generation and light wave oscilloscopes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate intra-cavity high harmonic generation in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV).
  • To establish a new frontier for precision spectroscopy and ultrafast science.
  • To develop a high-repetition-rate source of coherent EUV radiation.

Main Methods:

  • Intra-cavity high harmonic generation (HHG) using ultrafast lasers.
  • Utilizing femtosecond laser optical frequency comb technology.
  • Operating at a repetition frequency exceeding 100 MHz.

Main Results:

  • Generation of coherent extreme ultraviolet radiation at a repetition frequency over 100 MHz.
  • Achieved a 1,000-fold increase in repetition rate compared to previous experiments.
  • The frequency comb's mode spacing is preserved, suitable for high-resolution spectroscopy.

Conclusions:

  • Intra-cavity HHG in the EUV represents a promising new avenue for combined precision spectroscopy and ultrafast science.
  • The high-repetition-rate EUV source has potential applications in holography, microscopy, nanolithography, and X-ray atomic clocks.