T cell activation correlates with an increased proportion of antigen among the materials acquired from target cells

We have investigated the density of peptides required to elicit different biological responses in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), including trogocytosis (i.e., the phenomenon whereby the lymphocytes actively capture fragments of plasma membrane from those cells with which they establish an immune synapse). We have used two separate mouse models of CTL recognising defined peptides presented by MHC class I molecules. In both systems, triggering of cytotoxicity and capture of membrane components reached saturation with low densities of ligand. On the other hand, down-modulation of cell-surface levels of TCR, induction of IFN-gamma production and detection of peptide captured required much higher ligand densities. Interestingly, fratricide (i.e., killing between CTL sharing the same specificity), a mechanism proposed to account for CTL exhaustion, was detected only at antigen concentrations still well above that second threshold leading to full blown activation. Taken together, our results show that the different thresholds that govern the elicitation of different CTL functions correlate with different proportions of antigen among the target cell components being captured via trogocytosis.