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Updated: Aug 16, 2026

Generation of Immature, Mature and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with Differing Metabolic Phenotypes
Published on: June 22, 2016
Dendritic cell maturation by innate lymphocytes: coordinated stimulation of innate and adaptive immunity
Christian Münz1, Ralph M Steinman, Shin-ichiro Fujii
1Laboratory of Viral Immunobiology, Christopher H. Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA. munzc@rockefeller.edu
Abstract:
Pathogen recognition by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on dendritic cells (DCs) leads to DC maturation and the initiation of adaptive immunity. Recent studies have shown that innate lymphocytes--natural killer (NK), natural killer T (NKT), and gammadelta T cells--also trigger DC maturation. This interaction in turn expands and activates innate lymphocytes and initiates adaptive T cell immunity. Here, we comment on the evidence that these pathways are TLR independent and have the potential to respond to infection, malignancy, and immunotherapy.
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