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Human water needs.

Michael N Sawka1, Samuel N Cheuvront, Robert Carter

  • 1Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760-5007, USA. michael.sawka@us.army.mil

Nutrition Reviews
|July 21, 2005
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Healthy adults maintain good daily water balance, with recommended intakes of 3.7 L for men and 2.7 L for women. Hydration needs increase significantly with strenuous exercise and heat exposure.

Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Human Health
  • Nutrition Science

Background:

  • Human body water balance is typically well-regulated throughout life.
  • Hydration status can be challenged by reduced intake or increased losses.
  • Total water intake comprises water from beverages, food, and direct consumption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize established knowledge on daily water balance in healthy humans.
  • To define general daily water intake recommendations.
  • To identify factors that significantly alter water needs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of fluid balance studies.
  • Analysis of water turnover data.
  • Examination of water consumption research.

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Main Results:

  • General daily water intake recommendations are 3.7 L for adult men and 2.7 L for adult women.
  • These recommendations meet the needs of most individuals under typical conditions.
  • Strenuous physical activity and heat stress substantially increase water requirements.

Conclusions:

  • Healthy individuals generally maintain adequate hydration.
  • Environmental and physical stressors necessitate higher water intake.
  • Individual variability in hydration needs, particularly in athletes, is significant.