Gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs.

Area of Science:

• Veterinary Medicine
• Canine Surgery
• Emergency Medicine

Background:

• Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) is a critical condition characterized by stomach distension and malpositioning, common in large and giant dog breeds.
• GDV can lead to rapid multi-organ system failure and is often fatal if not treated promptly.
• Risk factors include genetics, thoracic conformation, diet, eating habits, and temperament.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the current understanding of Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (GDV) in dogs.
• To outline diagnostic and treatment strategies, including anesthetic management and surgical options.
• To discuss prognostic factors and the role of prophylactic gastropexy.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on GDV in veterinary medicine.
• Analysis of clinical signs, diagnostic findings, and treatment outcomes.
• Evaluation of anesthetic protocols and surgical techniques for GDV.

Main Results:

• GDV requires immediate treatment focusing on shock management and gastric decompression, followed by prompt surgery.
• Anesthetic choices should minimize cardiovascular changes, with opioid/benzodiazepine premedication and inhalational maintenance recommended.
• Surgical therapy involves gastropexy, with various techniques available; mortality rates range from 15-24%.

Conclusions:

• Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment, including surgical correction and gastropexy, are crucial for improving survival rates in GDV cases.
• Prognostic indicators include patient's mental status, gastric necrosis, cardiac arrhythmias, and lactate levels.
• Prophylactic gastropexy is recommended for high-risk canine patients.